Interessante intervista a Sevastianov su "Novosti Kosmonavtiki"

Ok, anche se il Russo non è proprio la vostra madrelingua, vi potete rifare gli occhi con le illustrazioni :smiley:

http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=3730&start=0

Riporto a commento la mail con cui questo articolo veniva segnalato sulla mailing list FPSPACE, che ne contiene una traduzione/riassunto in inglese.

Allego una sola immagine “stuzzicante” :wink:
Buona lettura :smiley:

The latest issue of "Novosti Kosmonavtiki" carries an interview by staff writer Sergei Shamsutdinov with RKK Energiya chief Nikolai Sevastyanov about the company's new vision for piloted space exploration in the period 2006-2030. The interview (with lots of drawings) is on-line at http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=3730&start=0 pdf versions also available there

Last December the Russian Space Agency announced a tender between RKK
Energiya, NPO Molniya and the Khrunichev Centre for the development of a new
manned space transportation system, with the winner expected to be announced
this summer. It appears RKK Energiya has expanded its plans way beyond
Kliper (and possibly the other two companies have done the same).

I should point out that the interview took place on 24 May, which was
before the first reports appeared about studies on a joint
Russian-European Advanced Crew Transportation System (ACTS) :
http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/06/13/Navigation/200/207228/Kliper+dropped+for+lunar+capsule.html
http://www.planetary.org/news/2006/0628_Europe_and_Russia_Join_Forces_to_Study.html

I’m not quite sure how these studies fit in the ongoing tender, but they may
have forced the three companies to once again adapt their proposals.
At any rate, in May Energiya was proposing the following phased piloted
space programme :
phase 1 : improvement of Earth-to-orbit transportation systems
phase 2 : expansion of the ISS Russian segment
phase 3 : piloted flights to the Moon
phase 4 : piloted flights to Mars

It would seem that only phases 1 and 2 stand a chance of receiving
government funding right now, because manned Moon and Mars missions have not
been included in the Federal Space Programme for 2006-2015. Here’s a summary
of the four phases :

PHASE 1

  • step 1 : thorough improvement of Soyuz through “modernization and
    centralization of on-board systems”. This will result in a lighter vehicle
    capable of carrying more cargo and staying in orbit for one year. This
    modernized Soyuz can also be adapted for lunar flight by beefing up its
    heatshield. First flight of the new Soyuz expected in 2010.

  • step 2 : development of the Parom space tug and cargo containers to
    replace Progress. Permanently stationed in orbit, this vehicle will pick up
    individually launched cargo containers, transfer them to the ISS, return
    them to a lower orbit for re-entry and await launch of the next container.
    The containers will consist of a cargo compartment and a compartment with
    propellant to refuel ISS (and apparently Parom itself as well). The
    containers can be of different sizes and be launched by Soyuz or Proton
    rockets or even by foreign launch vehicles. They can deliver anywhere from 4
    to 13 tons of cargo (as compared to 2 tons for Progress). Parom can be
    serviced in orbit and stay operational for up to 15 years. With a launch
    mass of 12.5 tons, Parom will be orbited by the upgraded Soyuz-2-3 rocket,
    which is the latest incarnation of the earlier planned Yamal, Avrora and
    Onega rockets.

Last May it was reported that Soyuz-2-3 will be built in three versions (11
ton, 13 ton, 15 ton LEO capacity). Common feature is a widened core stage
with more propellant. Specific improvements over current Soyuz rockets :
11-ton version : NK-33-1 engine in the core stage
13-ton version : NK-33-1 engine in the core stage, RD-0155 engines in the
strap-ons (RD-0155 is a new LOX/kerosene engine being developed by KBKhA
“Khimavtomatika” in Voronezh)
15-ton version (apparently also known as Soyuz-3) : RD-0155 engines in both
the core stage and strap-ons
Little is known about the third stages. Apparently, the 15-ton version has a
third stage with a cluster of four RD-0146E liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen
engines.

Parom will fly on the 13-ton version, although (according to plans presented
earlier this year) heavier versions can later fly on the 15-ton Soyuz-2-3 or
Angara A-3. Cargo containers can eventually also use Soyuz-2-3 or Angara
A-3. First flight of Parom expected in 2009.

  • step 3 : development of the Kliper vehicle, incorporating many of the
    systems developed for the modernized Soyuz. Considerable savings by its
    re-usability and its ability to carry up to four paying passengers, who in
    Sevastyanov’s words could be a) foreign cosmonauts representing national
    space agencies b) foreign scientists or specialists representing government
    organizations or private companies c) tourists. For this reason Energia is
    now only eyeing the winged version (rather than the originally studied
    lifting body), because that offers more comfortable re-entry and landing
    conditions. Training time can be reduced to three months.

Kliper will be developed in two steps :
a) return vehicle + orbital module and incorporated engine compartment +
emergency escape module. The emergency escape module can be used either in a
launch abort or for final orbit insertion (if needed). The orbital module is
expendable. Launch mass 14 tons, launch vehicle 14-ton version of Soyuz-2-3
(Angara A-3 being considered as alternative)

b) return vehicle + engine compartment. This version is picked up by the
Parom space tug and towed to the ISS, obviating the need for the orbital
module and its manoeuvring engines. The engine compartment, apparently using
the same engines as the emergency escape module, can be used in launch
aborts, for final orbit insertion (if required) and for the de-orbit burn.
This version of Kliper is fully reusable. Launch mass 12.5 tons, launch
vehicle is the 13-ton version of Soyuz-2-3

Other key features are 5 ton cargo capacity up and down, 1 year on-orbit
lifetime docked to ISS. Energiya hopes to build a fleet of five vehicles,
each of which can fly 60 times. First unmanned flight in 2013, first manned
flight in 2014, operational in 2016.

PHASE 2

Further expansion of the ISS Russian segment :
Launch of Multipurpose Laboratory Module (“FGB-2”, the original Zarya
back-up) in 2009, will dock with Zvezda nadir port. The module will have an
aft docking hub with six docking ports to receive two research modules, two
elements of the original Science Power Platform as well as Kliper and Parom
vehicles. Before docking of the MLM, Pirs will be moved to the Zvezda zenith
port.

PHASE 3

Piloted exploration of the Moon :

  • step 1 : circumlunar flight, lunar orbit mission and lunar landing, mostly
    using existing hardware (Soyuz/Proton launch vehicles, Blok-DM and Fregat
    upper stages, modernized Soyuz vehicle). Only lunar lander will be new. The
    circumlunar mission (2011/2012) involves a dual-launch scheme, the lunar
    orbit mission (2013) requires four launches and the lunar landing mission
    requires seven (!) launches (unmanned landing 2014, manned landing 2015).
    Lunar landing will see a combination of Earth Orbit and Lunar Orbit
    Rendezvous.

  • step 2 : establishment of a permanent, reusable Earth-Moon-Earth
    transportation system (after 2015) including :
    *a reusable manned vehicle (MMKP) based on Kliper’s return capsule
    *a reusable space tug (MMB) with liquid-fuel rocket engines to transport the
    MMKP as well as well as cargo containers to the Moon
    *a reusable space tug (MMB) with an electric propulsion system and giant
    solar panels to transport large cargos
    *a lunar orbital station from which a reusable lunar descent-ascent vehicle
    will make regular roundabout trips to the lunar surface

  • step 3 : establishment of a permanent lunar base (after 2020)

PHASE 4

Piloted exploration of Mars (after 2025).
This revolves around the use of a so-called Mars Expedition Complex (MEK),
consisting of a Mars Orbital Vehicle (MOK) resembling an enlarged Mir/Zvezda
core module, an Ascent/Descent Complex (VPK), an emergency Earth return
vehicle, electric propulsion system and a solar tug. After return from Mars
the MEK is placed into Earth orbit and after servicing can be reused for
future missions. The crew lands on Earth in a Kliper vehicle.

  • step 1 : test flight of the MEK in lunar orbit with subsequent return to
    Earth orbit
  • step 2 : mission to Mars with an unmanned landing of the VPK, crew
    performs extensive remote sensing from Martian orbit
  • step 3 : mission to Mars with manned landing of the VPK
step 1 : thorough improvement of Soyuz through "modernization and centralization of on-board systems". This will result in a lighter vehicle capable of carrying more cargo and staying in orbit for one year. This modernized Soyuz can also be adapted for lunar flight by beefing up its heatshield. First flight of the new Soyuz expected in 2010.
Interessante.Alla fine il sostituto della Soyuz per gli anni 10 (e probabilmente per la prima metà degli anni 20) sarà una Soyuz "next generation implementata per voli lunari".E' maligno pensare che il KLIPPER si allontana sempre di più nelle nebbie di un indistinto futuro?
step 1 : thorough improvement of Soyuz through "modernization and centralization of on-board systems". This will result in a lighter vehicle capable of carrying more cargo and staying in orbit for one year. This modernized Soyuz can also be adapted for lunar flight by beefing up its heatshield. First flight of the new Soyuz expected in 2010.
Interessante.Alla fine il sostituto della Soyuz per gli anni 10 (e probabilmente per la prima metà degli anni 20) sarà una Soyuz "next generation implementata per voli lunari".E' maligno pensare che il KLIPPER si allontana sempre di più nelle nebbie di un indistinto futuro?

Può essere che le Soyuz non vengano mai accantonate in favore di un nuovo progetto, ma che la linea di produzione venga mantenuta in parallelo, magari per missioni di tipo diverso.
Cmq, la cosa che più mi fa piacere è vedere questa sferzata di vitalità che sta contraddistinguendo la Russia in campo astronautico negli ultimi 2 anni.
Apprezzo molto anche la volontà (dichiarata) di espandere la loro sezione di ISS.
Vedremo… :roll_eyes:

Ricordiamoci che Kliper e Soyuz condividono molti elementi tecnologici e strutturali, la produzione dei due veicoli può essere tranquillamente mantenuta “in parallelo”, specie se consideramio il Kliper come una sorta di “Soyuz con le ali”.

A questo livello si tratta di scelte politico-economiche. Vedremo come la Russia intende procedere in questo settore, dal momento che la loro fonte primaria di finanziamenti (la NASA) ha già deciso (?) di utilizzare il CEV come veicolo di collegamento alla ISS.

Da un punto di vista strettamente funzionale, il Kliper appare come il successore “naturale” della Soyuz in qualità di ferry per la ISS. Se il Kliper appariva non proprio adatto alle missioni lunari (ricordiamoci della ministeriale ESA), è invece perfettamente adeguato nel ruolo di sostituto della Soyuz per la ISS, sicuramente lo è molto di più del CEV.

La vera domanda è: i soldi ci sono? La Russia non è più la superpotenza di un tempo, e certamente non ha a disposizione i fondi che l’urss metteva a disposizione per il programma spaziale (fondi che,ricordiamolo,neanche allora erano minimamente paragonabili a quelli USA per l’Apollo).Può la Russia DA SOLA permettersi un simile programma, anche se “spalmato” in una timeline di quindici anni? può DA SOLA mettere in linea e mantenere due diversi tipi di astronave (sia pure in parte costituiti dagli stessi componenti)? secondo me no.A che gioco giocano i russi? a coinvolgere in una joint venture gli Europei.Interessa un ferry per la ISS? ecco il Klipper.Interessa la luna? eccovi la Soyuz “next generation”.Ora,a meno di non riuscire a raggiungere un pieno accordo con l’ESA io penso che alla fine si opterà per il mezzo più versatile (luna,ferry per il LEO),economico,rapidamente realizzabile,e cioè la Soyuz “next generation”.

Non scordiamoci i cinesi. Una “Soyuz next generation” potrebbe essere molto vicina ad una Shenzou, che ricordiamolo, ha capacità superiori rispetto alla Soyuz originale.

Certo,anche una collaborazione Russo-Cinese sarebbe possibile.Ma la Cina è un partner molto più difficile dell’Europa,e a quanto pare preferirebbe fare da sola.Però sarebbe divertentissimo se i Russi “copiassero” ed implementassero la Shenzoù,a sua volta “copia” implementata della Soyuz! :smiley:

Immaginavo che la Soyuz nn sarebbe andata fuori servizio nel 2014,come ho gia detto i figli diretti dell’astronave russa saranno utilizzati ancora a lungo,magari saranno utilizzate solo nello spazio, utilizzando il klipper per far tornare sulla Terra gli equipaggi.Se si avvererà questo scenario si vedrà un po’ di traffico in orbita terrestre tra Cev,Soyuz,Kliper(forse) e Aries(speriamo),Parom,ATV,HTV.