Ok, anche se il Russo non è proprio la vostra madrelingua, vi potete rifare gli occhi con le illustrazioni
http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=3730&start=0
Riporto a commento la mail con cui questo articolo veniva segnalato sulla mailing list FPSPACE, che ne contiene una traduzione/riassunto in inglese.
Allego una sola immagine “stuzzicante”
Buona lettura
The latest issue of "Novosti Kosmonavtiki" carries an interview by staff writer Sergei Shamsutdinov with RKK Energiya chief Nikolai Sevastyanov about the company's new vision for piloted space exploration in the period 2006-2030. The interview (with lots of drawings) is on-line at http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=3730&start=0 pdf versions also available thereLast December the Russian Space Agency announced a tender between RKK
Energiya, NPO Molniya and the Khrunichev Centre for the development of a new
manned space transportation system, with the winner expected to be announced
this summer. It appears RKK Energiya has expanded its plans way beyond
Kliper (and possibly the other two companies have done the same).I should point out that the interview took place on 24 May, which was
before the first reports appeared about studies on a joint
Russian-European Advanced Crew Transportation System (ACTS) :
http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/06/13/Navigation/200/207228/Kliper+dropped+for+lunar+capsule.html
http://www.planetary.org/news/2006/0628_Europe_and_Russia_Join_Forces_to_Study.htmlI’m not quite sure how these studies fit in the ongoing tender, but they may
have forced the three companies to once again adapt their proposals.
At any rate, in May Energiya was proposing the following phased piloted
space programme :
phase 1 : improvement of Earth-to-orbit transportation systems
phase 2 : expansion of the ISS Russian segment
phase 3 : piloted flights to the Moon
phase 4 : piloted flights to MarsIt would seem that only phases 1 and 2 stand a chance of receiving
government funding right now, because manned Moon and Mars missions have not
been included in the Federal Space Programme for 2006-2015. Here’s a summary
of the four phases :PHASE 1
step 1 : thorough improvement of Soyuz through “modernization and
centralization of on-board systems”. This will result in a lighter vehicle
capable of carrying more cargo and staying in orbit for one year. This
modernized Soyuz can also be adapted for lunar flight by beefing up its
heatshield. First flight of the new Soyuz expected in 2010.step 2 : development of the Parom space tug and cargo containers to
replace Progress. Permanently stationed in orbit, this vehicle will pick up
individually launched cargo containers, transfer them to the ISS, return
them to a lower orbit for re-entry and await launch of the next container.
The containers will consist of a cargo compartment and a compartment with
propellant to refuel ISS (and apparently Parom itself as well). The
containers can be of different sizes and be launched by Soyuz or Proton
rockets or even by foreign launch vehicles. They can deliver anywhere from 4
to 13 tons of cargo (as compared to 2 tons for Progress). Parom can be
serviced in orbit and stay operational for up to 15 years. With a launch
mass of 12.5 tons, Parom will be orbited by the upgraded Soyuz-2-3 rocket,
which is the latest incarnation of the earlier planned Yamal, Avrora and
Onega rockets.Last May it was reported that Soyuz-2-3 will be built in three versions (11
ton, 13 ton, 15 ton LEO capacity). Common feature is a widened core stage
with more propellant. Specific improvements over current Soyuz rockets :
11-ton version : NK-33-1 engine in the core stage
13-ton version : NK-33-1 engine in the core stage, RD-0155 engines in the
strap-ons (RD-0155 is a new LOX/kerosene engine being developed by KBKhA
“Khimavtomatika” in Voronezh)
15-ton version (apparently also known as Soyuz-3) : RD-0155 engines in both
the core stage and strap-ons
Little is known about the third stages. Apparently, the 15-ton version has a
third stage with a cluster of four RD-0146E liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen
engines.Parom will fly on the 13-ton version, although (according to plans presented
earlier this year) heavier versions can later fly on the 15-ton Soyuz-2-3 or
Angara A-3. Cargo containers can eventually also use Soyuz-2-3 or Angara
A-3. First flight of Parom expected in 2009.
- step 3 : development of the Kliper vehicle, incorporating many of the
systems developed for the modernized Soyuz. Considerable savings by its
re-usability and its ability to carry up to four paying passengers, who in
Sevastyanov’s words could be a) foreign cosmonauts representing national
space agencies b) foreign scientists or specialists representing government
organizations or private companies c) tourists. For this reason Energia is
now only eyeing the winged version (rather than the originally studied
lifting body), because that offers more comfortable re-entry and landing
conditions. Training time can be reduced to three months.Kliper will be developed in two steps :
a) return vehicle + orbital module and incorporated engine compartment +
emergency escape module. The emergency escape module can be used either in a
launch abort or for final orbit insertion (if needed). The orbital module is
expendable. Launch mass 14 tons, launch vehicle 14-ton version of Soyuz-2-3
(Angara A-3 being considered as alternative)b) return vehicle + engine compartment. This version is picked up by the
Parom space tug and towed to the ISS, obviating the need for the orbital
module and its manoeuvring engines. The engine compartment, apparently using
the same engines as the emergency escape module, can be used in launch
aborts, for final orbit insertion (if required) and for the de-orbit burn.
This version of Kliper is fully reusable. Launch mass 12.5 tons, launch
vehicle is the 13-ton version of Soyuz-2-3Other key features are 5 ton cargo capacity up and down, 1 year on-orbit
lifetime docked to ISS. Energiya hopes to build a fleet of five vehicles,
each of which can fly 60 times. First unmanned flight in 2013, first manned
flight in 2014, operational in 2016.PHASE 2
Further expansion of the ISS Russian segment :
Launch of Multipurpose Laboratory Module (“FGB-2”, the original Zarya
back-up) in 2009, will dock with Zvezda nadir port. The module will have an
aft docking hub with six docking ports to receive two research modules, two
elements of the original Science Power Platform as well as Kliper and Parom
vehicles. Before docking of the MLM, Pirs will be moved to the Zvezda zenith
port.PHASE 3
Piloted exploration of the Moon :
step 1 : circumlunar flight, lunar orbit mission and lunar landing, mostly
using existing hardware (Soyuz/Proton launch vehicles, Blok-DM and Fregat
upper stages, modernized Soyuz vehicle). Only lunar lander will be new. The
circumlunar mission (2011/2012) involves a dual-launch scheme, the lunar
orbit mission (2013) requires four launches and the lunar landing mission
requires seven (!) launches (unmanned landing 2014, manned landing 2015).
Lunar landing will see a combination of Earth Orbit and Lunar Orbit
Rendezvous.step 2 : establishment of a permanent, reusable Earth-Moon-Earth
transportation system (after 2015) including :
*a reusable manned vehicle (MMKP) based on Kliper’s return capsule
*a reusable space tug (MMB) with liquid-fuel rocket engines to transport the
MMKP as well as well as cargo containers to the Moon
*a reusable space tug (MMB) with an electric propulsion system and giant
solar panels to transport large cargos
*a lunar orbital station from which a reusable lunar descent-ascent vehicle
will make regular roundabout trips to the lunar surfacestep 3 : establishment of a permanent lunar base (after 2020)
PHASE 4
Piloted exploration of Mars (after 2025).
This revolves around the use of a so-called Mars Expedition Complex (MEK),
consisting of a Mars Orbital Vehicle (MOK) resembling an enlarged Mir/Zvezda
core module, an Ascent/Descent Complex (VPK), an emergency Earth return
vehicle, electric propulsion system and a solar tug. After return from Mars
the MEK is placed into Earth orbit and after servicing can be reused for
future missions. The crew lands on Earth in a Kliper vehicle.
- step 1 : test flight of the MEK in lunar orbit with subsequent return to
Earth orbit- step 2 : mission to Mars with an unmanned landing of the VPK, crew
performs extensive remote sensing from Martian orbit- step 3 : mission to Mars with manned landing of the VPK